Was Mary Mallon a victim or villain free essay sample

Mary Mallon was a lady of Irish plunge who went to the United States as a worker to begin another life in 1886. She functioned as a cook in a house where rich families came to commend their excursion. She was a sound transporter of typhoid and made the visitors debilitated and they kicked the bucket on account of her. Despite the fact that science had not been grown enough yet and she was attempted unjustifiably it didn't make her lone a casualty. Mary Mallon changed from casualty to miscreant. At the point when she chose not to answer to the police and come back to cooking. Mary Mallon was a casualty when she was isolated just because. Science had not been grown enough yet to demonstrate and clarify what solid transporters truly were and on the off chance that they existed by any means. She accepted that she was unable to be a transporter without being debilitated. At the time she was asked by George Soper, a scientist who spent significant time in exploring where sicknesses originate from, to participate to do a test with him, which she would not like to do. We will compose a custom exposition test on Was Mary Mallon a casualty or scoundrel or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Soper suggested that she may convey the microorganisms and be the reason for the vacationers in the house becoming ill. But since she was not wiped out herself she didn't accept a word he said and disregarded him. Mary had no motivation to accept she could be a typhoid bearer. At the time the hypothesis was; you either have typhoid and are truly debilitated or you don't. The equivalent applies to spreading it. She in any event would need to be extremely wiped out so as to spread it. Nobody thought about solid transporters, who like her, were sound but then conveyed the ailment with them their entire lives and could likewise spread it. They didn't become ill themselves on the grounds that their invulnerable framework had beaten the microbes. In this manner, when cops came to capture her and put her in isolate without preliminary, she truly didn't have the foggiest idea what was befalling her and why. They revealed to her that she was a solid bearer and had made individuals debilitated, yet for what reason would she accept this? It was an extremely clever thought and individuals were still under the supposition that typhoid was spread by absence of cleanliness. So was she. â€Å" Message to great Housewives† with the notice that the house may look clean, â€Å"but don’t get the possibility that you can judge just by the presence of things†. â€Å"Wherever there is earth, germs can raise; and flies and vermin will come† (Tomes Reading, p 165). Individuals additionally didn't realize that typhoid could be spread by uncooked food like frozen yogurt. On the off chance that science had been grown more they could have perhaps utilized Mary to discover a fix or possibly it would most likely have given her a superior preliminary in any case. Presently everybody was thinking she had typhoid, so let us simply lock her up. Perhaps they could have thought of better arrangements on the off chance that they had known more. Be that as it may, Mary Mallon turned into a reprobate after she was discharged from isolate, in light of the fact that then she realized she was not permitted to return to cooking and she did at any rate. Accordingly, numerous individuals in the emergency clinic where she worked got wiped out and passed on. I need to accept that when she was in the medical clinic and the entirety of the papers were expounded on her and kid's shows were distributed she needed to realize she was conveying it. They would not have saved her in isolate for such a long time on the off chance that she had not been a danger to development. Additionally given the way that the individuals in the house where she had worked from the outset had all become debilitated more likely than not demonstrated a point to her. They did numerous tests on her too that demonstrated she conveyed it. She may even now have been feeling that it couldn't be valid yet that would have been extremely uninformed. The realities represent themselves. At the point when she escaped isolate and needed to comply with the standards that they had given to her, and didn't obey them she had changed in to a scoundrel. She realized she was not permitted to cook again on the grounds that she could spread the infection that way. She needed to educate the legislature where she was and didn't do that either. The way that she returned to cooking for me demonstrates she transformed into a lowlife, since that made numerous guiltless individuals wiped out and made huge numbers of them kick the bucket. What's more, the most exceedingly terrible thing is that out of every other place on earth she did it in a medical clinic. She realized she was not permitted to do it yet did it with tremendous results. At the point when she didn't have a clue what she was doing she was her very own survivor ailment, when she realized what she was doing she had become a reprobate. The way that after she came out of isolate she needed to work incredibly low-paid and terrible employments didn't give her the option to return to cooking and make guiltless individuals wiped out and bite the dust.

Supply and Demand The Case of Milk

Flexibly and Demand The Case of Milk Milk costs are taking off. A large number of customers everywhere throughout the world purchase milk items regularly and are not ready to surrender them. Environmental change, rivalry among biofuel makers, exchange strategies and different components drive worldwide milk costs and transform milk into one of the most costly food items (Arnold, 2007). â€Å"Cows are taken care of with corn and as more corn is occupied to vitality creation, feed expenses and dairy ranchers thusly leave those expenses behind the food chain† (Doherty, 2007).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Supply and Demand: The Case of Milk explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Simultaneously, global milk makers neglect to adapt to the developing interest for milk. The interest for milk items is at unequaled high (Arnold, 2007). The thundering worldwide economy and rising salaries in India, China, and Latin America make the undertaking of creating enough milk very testing an d basically unachievable (Arnold, 2007). Milk items are like fuel: purchasers can't surrender them in any event, when the cost becomes terrible (Doherty, 2007). Money related specialists foresee that, as the cost of milk builds, the interest for milk items is probably going to stay unaltered (Doherty, 2007). Obviously, the flexibility of interest for milk and milk items is amazingly low. Set forth plainly, the worldwide interest for milk and milk items isn't receptive to changes in milk costs. It ought to be noticed, that versatility is the focal proportion of market responsiveness in microeconomics (Baumol Blinder, 2008). The principle determinants of interest flexibility incorporate the idea of the great, accessibility of substitutes, family spending plans, and section of time (Rittenberg Tregarthen, 2011). The idea of the great is legitimately identified with request flexibility: necessities like food items will in general have inelastic interest bends (Baumol Blinder, 2008). Thi s is especially the situation of milk, since numerous buyers see milk as the essential element of their weight control plans and enormous food makers use milk in their items. Milk doesn't have close substitutes, and substitutability stays one of the fundamental components of interest flexibility in microeconomics (Baumol Blinder, 2008). Given that the interest for milk is profoundly inelastic, the interest bend for milk will look as follows: Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig.1. Inelastic interest for milk and milk items. A huge number of purchasers spend their financial plans on milk, since they trust it to be valuable for their wellbeing. Shoppers underestimate the convenience of milk (Doherty, 2007). They treat milk as an amazing wellspring of modest proteins (Doherty, 2007). In this way, if a publicizing effort spreads the message that milk assists with lessening weight, the amount requested will take off. Fig.2. Changes in amount requested and cost after the promoting effort. The cost of milk in the momentary period will stay unaltered, as the developing interest for milk items doesn't lessen the expenses of milk creation. In transient periods ranchers will likewise encounter the deficiency of gracefully. Over the long haul, the cost of milk will increment to make new market harmony. A frantic dairy animals ailment pestilence will diminish the measure of milk in the market. The amount requested will drop, since clients won't buy milk items and get tainted. The gracefully bend will move to one side along with the interest bend. The cost of milk will remain unchanged.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Supply and Demand: The Case of Milk explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes in the cost of milk will cause no movements in the interest bend. In any case, the amount requested will change. Cu stomers will need to buy more milk at a lower cost. An expansion in the interest for milk items will show through developments along the interest bend. In any case, as the interest for milk increments, most ranchers will neglect to flexibly enough milk to the market, trailed by the deficiency of milk items. Importantly, changes in the cost of milk may move the flexibly bend to one side: perhaps, milk makers should embrace new advancements to fulfill the developing need for milk. How the administration value roof for milk influences the gracefully and request of milk items relies upon whether the maximum cost is beneath or over the market-decided balance. As a matter of fact, the administration value roof for horticultural items is a regular object of microeconomic investigation. The legislature is accepted to deliver substantial impacts on the steadiness and harmony in the milk showcase. The legislature forced value roof over the market-built up harmony cost will have no consequence s for either the flexibly or request of milk. Conversely, the maximum price tag underneath the market-built up balance will cause significant consequences for the flexibly and request of milk. Ranchers won't have the option to charge the market cost for milk. A few providers may decide to leave the milk showcase. Decreased flexibly will cause the lack of milk items in the market. Purchasers will neglect to fulfill their need for milk and milk items. Value control is one of the most disputable parts of the market-government relationship. Government cost roofs lessen shopper costs, while cost floors increment firms’ incomes and livelihoods (Economics Help, 2008). Customers accept that administration value roofs limit suppliers’ aspirations and make merchandise and administration moderate. Government value roofs adjust the market balance in the agrarian market. Value controls are related with various hindrances. To begin with, government value roofs lead to the deficiency of products in the market (Economics Help, 2008).Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Second, government controls of least costs raise shopper costs and result in oversupply of items and creation wastefulness (Economics Help, 2008). Given that milk doesn't have close substitutes and is viewed as a food need, its interest is inelastic. Thus, any expansion in cost for milk will unavoidably prompt an increment in absolute incomes, as slight decreases in amount requested are a fool, contrasted and the incomes earned from expanded costs (Quick MBA, 2011). End Milk costs are taking off. More customers are happy to have milk in their eating regimens. Atmosphere changes, new innovations, and expanded shopper salaries make the assignment of creating enough milk for all intents and purposes unachievable. The flexibility of interest for milk and milk items is very low. Set forth plainly, the worldwide interest for milk and milk items isn't receptive to changes in milk costs. Numerous purchasers see milk as the basic element of their weight control plans and enormous food makers use milk in their items. Milk doesn't have close substitutes, and substitutability stays one of the principle elements of interest versatility in microeconomics. At the point when a publicizing effort spreads the message that milk assists with lessening weight, the amount requested will take off. Changes in the cost of milk will cause no movements in the interest bend. Any expansion in cost for milk will unavoidably prompt an increment in all out incomes, as slight decreases in amount requested are a fool contrasted and the incomes earned from expanded costs. References Arnold, W. (2007). A hunger for milk reproduced by new riches sends costs taking off. The New York Times. Recovered from nytimes.com/2007/09/04/business/worldbusiness/04milk.html Baumol, W.J. Blinder, A.S. (2008). Microeconomics: Principles and strategy. Boston: Cengage Learning. Doherty, R.E. (2007). Milk request remains solid in spite of significant expenses. Reuters. Recovered from reuters.com/article/2007/06/20/u s-milk-costs idUSN2024940220070620 Economics Help. (2008). Value controls †favorable circumstances and detriments. Financial aspects Help. Recovered from economicshelp.org/blog/financial matters/value controls-focal points and-detriments/Quick MBA. (2011). Value flexibility of interest. Brisk MBA. Recovered from quickmba.com/econ/smaller scale/elas/ped.shtml Rittenberg, L. Tregarthen, T. (2011). Standards of microeconomics. Flatworld Knowledge. Recovered from flatworldknowledge.com/hub/28279#web-28281

Pawtucket

Pawtucket Pawtucket p?t?k ´?t [key], city (1990 pop. 72,644), Providence co., NE R.I., on the Blackstone River at Pawtucket Falls; settled 1671, inc. 1885 after the eastern section (which was part of Massachusetts until 1862) was merged with the western section into a Rhode Island town. Pawtucket has been a textile center since Samuel Slater built the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill there in 1793. A dam built along the river in 1790 provides the electric power for the city. Among the city's manufactures are jewelry and silverware, metals, and specialty textiles. The area, deeded to Roger Williams in 1638, was a haven for religious freedom in New England. Pawtucket's first settler was an ironworker who established (1671) a forge at the falls. Metalworks and sawmills sprang up, and after Slater erected his cotton mill on the banks of the river, the textile industry boomed. After World War II, when much of the textile manufacturing moved south, Pawtucket shared the decline of many New England towns. The city has since regained its small industrial status. Of principal interest is the 1793 Slater mill, now a museum. Some two dozen former textile mills now form an arts district. Many tourist and recreational sites are in the area. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Importance Of An Emotionally Healthy Environment

Contribute to an Emotionally Healthy Environment Become an emotionally intelligent preacher and make contributions towards the work environment in the form of motivation, empathy, and leadership. When you are faced with an emotionally charged personality, tackle the problem with a calm attitude in order to prevent any form of whiplash and resentment. In order to soothe an individual, treat them to a drink, relax them by sitting down, or speak more slowly. Telling someone to ‘calm down’ can backfire as it deemed as opposition and rude. Help others develop and grow by listening with empathy. This means, without judgement, you understand the true meaning behind words. Listening with understanding builds trust, which is the foundation for loyalty and cooperative relationships. Spread positive emotions by demonstrating and engendering trust and respect by listening and offering feedback. Help others learn their emotional limitations and support them through hardships. Become a motivating model and aid each other in accompli shing goals. New Enterprise Team Assignment The NETA assignment provided me with the chance to utilize my new profound powers of emotional intelligence. NETA consisted of a product pitch presentation, which involved months of preparation and team work. I came into this project with an open mind which allowed me to envision new opportunities and solutions. During product creation, I pitched the idea of a concussion sensor. I used my extensive knowledge ofShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Situation Protocol Was Developed By British Psychoanalyst John Bowlby1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed as â€Å"a pattern of attachment in which an infant readily separates from the parent, seeks proximity when stresses, and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration† (Boyd Bee, 2014, p.136). There is a vast amount of research regarding the importance of the parent-child relationship to the development of children into adulthood. According to an article in the Journal of Adolescence, â€Å"In the context of emotional development, acc ording to secure base theory, parents who function as available andRead MoreEssay on Developments in Middle Childhood1584 Words   |  7 Pagesensure children are equipped with the correct knowledge and understanding of health, well being and healthy eating, the period of middle childhood is one in which these aspects are incorporated and failure to properly do so can result in long term ramifications and problems.    Middle Childhood is a distinct period of development where a child develops physically, cognitively and social-emotionally. Between the school years of 3 and 7, children begin to gain an understanding of themselves in comparisonRead MoreChildren s Social And Emotional Development960 Words   |  4 Pagestotally agree with the findings. When children moan, we call it a frown. When they laugh we, call it a smile. When we say boo, we call it surprise. However, as a child grows older; the upbringing of the child and the environment can significantly change how the child’s reacts emotionally. From conception, to a child’s first day of school social development advances at a pace excelling that of any points of life. Further is known now than ever before about how young children acquire, reflect and developRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Leadership Development867 Words   |  4 Pagesexpression is important when situations require discussion that must remain calm and professional. Mentors have coached this author on the importance of â€Å"schooling† her facial expressions during meetings because this author’s body posture can inflame and elicit negative emotions from others. Effective leaders must have self-awareness and understand the importance of receiving feedback. Feedback is important to all leaders, but to actualize change leaders must have the willingness to develop theRead MoreSocial Interactions And Ideals Of A Public Eating Place Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesneighborhood had more idea of healthy and ethical eating habits, unlike the lower class neighborhood who had little awareness and more fast food choices than healthy. Looking at the idealized heathy eating for both neighborhoods, results also show how upper/middle class was more conscious of choices and healthy eating again unlike the lower class was concerned with fast food and little references to ‘ethical eating.’ The theory of understanding and practicing of healthy food choices are shaped by socialRead More Emotional Responsiveness Paper990 Words   |  4 Pagesand handle my emotions when I was younger, I, in return, began to find ways to control my impulsive behavio r and manage my emotions in a healthy way. This is why as an adult I am able to voice how I feel without causing a disturbance and accept changing circumstances, which aided me in gaining the skill of self-management. Due to my parents expressing the importance of voicing my feelings when I disagreed, but to never have the intent of hurting someone in the process, taught me how to develop and maintainRead MoreEssay on Healthy Living591 Words   |  3 Pagesbut may be overweight, stressed or emotionally unstable. Health is a quality of life involving dynamic interaction and interdependence among the individual’s physical state, their mental and emotional reactions, and the social context in which the individual exists. There are many factors that influence your health, but three major components contribute to general well-being: Self-awareness, a balanced diet and, regular physical activity. In order to lead a healthy lifestyle, it is essential thatRead MoreA Research Study On Health1139 Words   |  5 Pagesstress and anxiety. The context in which an individual lives is of great importance on health status and quality of life. Health is maintained and improved through the advancement and application of health science and through the efforts and suitable lifestyle choices of the individual. According to the World Health Organisation, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person s individual characteristics and behaviors. Having stressRead MoreImportance Of Incivility In Nursing1185 Words   |  5 PagesCultivating Healthful Environments Incivility is the act of being uncivil or showing a lack of consideration for other people in the work place can cause serious issues in nursing. The American Nurses Association describes incivility as a form of bullying in nursing; â€Å"Incivility is one or more rude, discourteous, or disrespectful actions with a negative intent behind it† (ANA, 2010). This kind of behavior can be offensive and can result in the recipient experiencing a feeling of pain and agonyRead MoreThe Management Skills Development Assignment1614 Words   |  7 Pageslife. I chose emotional intelligence as a skill to work on, not because it was a weakness, but because I thought being emotionally intelligent was a made-up skill that people without actual intelligence said they possessed. I now understand the true importance of being emotionally aware of yourself and people around you and how crucial it is to both a working and personal environment. As I progress though my undergraduate career, I hope t o further develop myself as an individual. I plan to taking more

Article Review U.S. Consumer Prices Held in Check in...

The economy has been turbulent over the last few years, to say the least. Nearly everyone has been affected in one way or another. The article entitled â€Å"U.S. Consumer Prices Held in Check in January† describes the current economic situation in the United States and even abroad. At one point in time deflation was among the many concerns on everyone’s mind, but the article states that deflationary worries can now be a thing of the past. In fact, consumer prices are now on the rise which can largely be tied to rising energy prices. There are many macroeconomic indices which are touched upon in the article. The primary focus of the article is consumer price index (CPI), which has increased $1.6% over the last twelve months (Hauser, 2011). In†¦show more content†¦The FED decided to carry out its bond purchasing program in August to help prevent deflation (Hauser, 2011). The article could have turned out much differently if the FED did not step up and take act ion. In addition the FED has the authority to adjust interest rates in accordance with the current economic condition. Currently the FED is willing to curb inflation by adjusting the interest rates at a moment’s notice (Hauser, 2011). The FED’s invisible hand can sometimes help prevent major economic disasters. The living standards around the world vary greatly. Productivity is directly linked to a country’s standard of living. Productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input (Mankiw, 2008). Essentially, in countries where workers are more productive they generally enjoy a higher standard of living and vice versa. Britain has a standard of living which is very similar to that of the United States. Britain is currently suffering from economic hardships as well. Britain’s inflation rate hit four percent which is the highest level in two years. The rate of inflation in Britain can be directly linked to increased prices for commodities (Hauser, 2011). It seems that countries with higher living standards are better able to weather economic storms and can cope with increasing prices better than struggling nations. The price of food andShow MoreRelatedFedex Five Porters Forces and Swot Essays2618 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction There is no doubt that FedEx Freight is a leading U.S. provider of less-than-truckload (LTL) freight services. It is known for exceptional service, reliability and on-time performance. (History of FedEx Operating Companies About FedEx) With the rapid rise of virtually instantaneous electronic mail, some wondered if FedEx overnight mail delivery was as important as it was in the past. Margaritis pointed out that the company received only 9.3 percent of its revenue from overnight expressRead MoreThe U.S. National Debt and Selected Reduction Plans and Interest Group Positions2037 Words   |  9 Pagesof the public debt at last count in January 2012 (The Bureau of Public Debt). 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Accounting Intern Paper Free Essays

string(30) " not withheld from employees\." Company introduction KC ACCOUNTANCY CORP is a Southern California CPA firm, found in 2000. The company offers a full range of business and consumer CPA services including financial statements preparation, IRS. FTB. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Intern Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now EDD representation, tax return preparation, office computerization, new business start-up, general bookkeeping and tax preparation planning. Job description During the intern period, I did four main tasks as follow 1. Bookkeeping The company uses the accounting software called Write up and Quick Book to do the book keeping. In order to do the book keeping we need to create a ledger for all the financial accounts and use the check and invoice provided by the customer to record all payments made from these accounts. We should filled the all the column of cells, which include date, name of the payment, payee, category (for tax purposes), memorandum and a record of the check number or the invoice number. The reason for write the category is for tax purposes. After record the payment, we need to use the same software to record the cash inflow. We list all money (only revenue) received by the customer. As same as the cash outflow, we need to record the date, name of the income, payer-providers, category, memorandum and a record of the check number. If the company has the Loan or the investment, we should use the different ledgers to record it. Next step, we need to create accounts payable/accounts receivable. For the account payable we list utilities, rent, and other future payments. We list two date: one is the due day another one is the due day before penalty. For the account receivable, we list the income we will receive in the future. This ledger is most important, I need to aware that when the company actually receives the payment by the customers or the bounced check will happened. The final step is to reconcile the ledgers with the bank statements. The company will provide us their bank account records and allow us to check each payment. This is typically done on a quarterly schedule 2. Prepared, examined, and analyzed accounting records, financial statements, and other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards. Financial statements include income statement, statement of retained earnings, balance sheet and cash flow statement. From the supervisor’s experience, I learned that there is specific logical order for preparation due to some financial statements use numbers from the other statements The order is following: * Income statement * Statement of retained earnings * Balance sheet * Cash flow statement Before financial statements are prepared, we need to adjust entries based on revenue recognition and the matching principles. Each transaction may affect one income statement accounts and one balance sheet account. Adjustments fall into one of five categories: accrued revenues, accrued expenses, unearned revenues, prepaid expenses, and depreciation. Income Statement The income statement reports revenues, expenses, and the resulting net income. It transfers from revenue, expenses and capital gains or losses ledger account balances into the income statement. Statement of Retained Earnings The Statement of Retained Earnings is prepared after the income statement because we use the net profit or loss account balance from income statement. The retained earnings statement shows the retained earnings at the beginning and end of the accounting period. It is prepared using the following information: * Beginning retained earnings from previous statement of retained earnings. * Net income, obtained from the income statement Balance Sheet The balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity of the company. It is constructed using the following information: * Balances of all asset accounts * Balances of all liability accounts * owner’s equity Cash Flow Statement To do this cash-basis report, we subtract cash disbursements from cash receipts directly. It also takes information from all three previous financial statements. Two time periods of comparative balance sheets are examined in order to prepare a statement of cash flows. 3. Maintained Quarterly payroll records. At first I am very curious why the company would like to outsource the payroll process . The manager tell me small business owner usually spend around eight hours per month doing payroll because laws and the IRS have let the payroll function become a time consuming task. Outsourcing the payroll can let the company focus more on running company also avoid the risks of calculating mistake . Most important, federal, state and local payroll tax laws are frequently changing and becoming more complex The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the commissioner of Internal Revenue. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and the interpretation and enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code. I need to call each company on the list to make sure how much salary they pay for each employee. Company may pay their employee quarterly, monthly or hourly. Most of our customer is Chinese/Taiwanese owned company. I can use Chinese to call them . I need to clarify how many employees in their company and how much salary they need to pay. By using 1099-etc, we just need to type in the data in the system. The software will automatically calculate federal, state and local payroll taxes. The software supports Federal payroll forms such as the 941, 940, 943, 944 and 1040 SchH. Form 941 Form 941 is Employer’s QUARTERLY Federal Tax Return. Federal law requires employers to withhold taxes from employees’ paychecks. Each time wages are paid, employers must withhold — or take out of employees’ paychecks — certain amounts for federal income tax, social security tax, and Medicare tax. Under the withholding system, taxes withheld from employees are credited to e mployees in payment of their tax liabilities. Federal law also requires employers to pay any liability for the employer’s portion of social security and Medicare taxes. This portion of social security and Medicare taxes is not withheld from employees. You read "Accounting Intern Paper" in category "Essay examples" Employers who withhold income taxes from wages or who must pay social security or Medicare tax, use Form 941 to report those taxes. The deadline for 941form is the last day for month that follows the end of the quarter. * Quarter One (January, February, March): due on April 30. * Quarter Two (April, May, June): due on July 31. * Quarter Three (July, August, and September): due October 31. * Quarter Four (October, November, December) : due on January 31 of the following year. Every time, I update the information on the system, I need to print out two copy. One is for our company, the other one is for our customer . 4. Miscellaneous As a intern, I also spend some time to doing miscellaneous thing such as put files in order alphabetically, print out the package label and paste on the envelope , double check the document and send to the customer. Analysis of the company The company starts the business from 2000, the boss try hard to build a very good relationship with the customers. They are successfully to build the relationaship because the employer in the company always put them self in the customer’s shoes, the existing customer will bring the new customer. So the company does not need to post the advertisement online or ask other to design a fancy website to attract new customer. Thus they can provide perfect and complete service with reasonable price. Due to the good relationship with customer, the accounting office is also become an information exchange place. We can always see the customer to ask the boss to refer a dental, a lawyer and the business to others. It is how a good networking start. However, during the intern period, I find there are things the company could do better. First, the boss plays an extremely important role in the company. She needs to check every document before mail to the customer or mail to the government institute and she assigns new task for everyone every morning. The company would be in a mass when the boss is not in the office. I still can remember, one time the boss has emergency and she cannot come to the office for two days. All document put on her table like a small mountain, and others has nothing to do. Second, a lot of things without a logical order, there is a simple example. When I start with filing away the documents, I cannot find some individual’s name within the file. After I check with the boss, the boss tells me, someone they will put all family numbers’ file together instead individual file. The problem is that only the boss knows who the family numbers are. It is hard for the account specialist to file the document; however the boss is too busy to do this kind of things. Third, the company still use some out of date process. Every quarter, the customer needs to turn in their check record and the invoice physically to the accounting office. Most of the records are hand write. In fact I think the accounting office can ask electric version from the customer, then it can complete the process more efficiently, because sometime I see accounting assistant struggle with the numbers or the word on the check or the invoice and with electric version, it can be send to accounting firm in time. I think the company know better what their business is, so it is not a big deal for them to change the physically version to electric version. Also I know most software will automatically download the bank records and allow the account assistant to quickly mark which payments and deposits are already recorded in the ledger, and which must be separately accounted. This is typically done on a monthly schedule, but with software and online banking, it is can be finish on a weekly or even daily schedule. What I learn during this internship I am a student who still thinking about my future career. This is a good opportunity for me to know accounting person and know more about how the accounting firm work. I learn some information from my coworker and the supervisor. 1. Future is Bright The future of accounting is bright according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics which projects a 16% increase in job openings by the year 2016. Much of this reflects the increasing complexity of corporate transactions, the introduction of Sarbanes-Oxley requirements after the Enron scandal and growth in government. Demand is especially high in the tax and health care areas. My supervisor share her own experience with me, Emily, who is a 27 year old woman, who finish her MBA in California state – Los Angeles, she tells me all the international student stay here after graduate are doing accounting related job. It seems it is the only way international student can survive in U. S if they study in business field. 2. Managerial Accounting Ideas is popular Many firms are focusing on activity-based management, process-view analysis, constraint checking and business process analysis as well. The world of management accounting is evolving rapidly and there is high demand for accountants who are knowledgeable about these trends 3. High degree necessary We can find the requirement for most accountant and auditor positions are at least a bachelor degree in accounting or a related field. As an MBA student especially a master degree in accounting, or with a master degree in business administration with a concentration in accounting. We have advantage to apply accounting-related job. 4. Skill Requirements Becoming Broader There is high demand for individuals who have technical skills and good communication skill, and foreign language skills. Accountants are broadening as business globalizes. 5. CPA has highly valued A recent survey shows that over half of corporations which hire accountants feel that the CPA (Certified Public Accountant) important, however, in some case we can enter an accounting firm without completely the CPA. It means we still have chance and time to prepare for the test, never too late to prepare . My supervisor is a good example, she started to prepare her CPA after she start work in the KC Company. 6. High salary The median expected salary for a typical  Accountant I  in the  United States  is  $44,652; for a typical Accountant II is $53,588; for a typical Cost Accountant I is $46,874;for a typical Cost Accountant II is $58,020. ; for a typical Cost Accountant III is $70,574; for a typical Cost Accounting Supervisor is $65,861; for a typical Cost Accounting Supervisor II is $75,452. ; for a typical Accounting Manager is $84,437;for a typical Accounting Director is $127,660. 7. Start from a intern The supervisor suggests me start to apply the position in the company I want to begin my career and ask the intern position before I graduate. Thus, I will get more hired opportunity as a full time employee. Do be hesitant, start to apply! Conclusion My Internship is one of the most beneficial things I do during my MBA. I really enjoy the time in K. C. Company. During this internship I learned a lot about the profession and about how much hard work and dedication it takes to be a accountant. I know I am a person who sensitive with numbers but not detail-oriented. In order to become a successful accountant, I need to change the way I doing things. To be a more competitive person, I need to review all the account material I have learn during those year. Even though some people say it is not a good way to learn from the textbook, however I believe reading the textbook is the best way to review all the important concept in the limited time. The lecture and the text book can provide us solid background knowledge. I will try to apply the accountant position now, after I understand the future of accounting-related job and the personality to be a good accounting worker. I will start my career in accounting files after I graduate. Reference IRS website : http://www. irs. gov/uac 941 form http://www. irs. gov/pub/irs-pdf/i941. pdf How to cite Accounting Intern Paper, Essay examples

Project Delivery at Autodesk, Inc

In the advent of a major change that is likely to affect the morale of a team negatively, the project manager can take several preventive and corrective measures that would ensure the sustenance of morale in the team. These include giving credit where due. During the execution of new tasks, some team members will perform beyond average in terms of adherence and general performance (Sen 59).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Delivery at Autodesk, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is necessary to acknowledge such accomplishments. This will serve as a challenge to the more dormant group members, and a booster of morale for the entire team. It is also important to give accurate and careful feedbacks on developments and progress to be accountable to members who are often quite anxious due to the unpredictability presented by the change. This will serve as an inhibitor of such anxiety or even stress, which would otherwise adversely affect their output. It is also important to adopt a democratic approach to leadership that encourages the members to comply rather forcing them into submission. Making assumptions about the various needs and / or personalities of employees now would be counterproductive as would be delegating work instead of responsibilities. Instead, a manager should take time to learn each member’s predisposition and endeavor to work with it. It would also help in assigning the staff some more challenging responsibilities, as a way of getting their minds off the ongoing changes (Williams 99). The manager can achieve this through switching of roles, tasks or duties within the team so that everybody tries something new. In the process, he/she will learn a new skill or know how to use a new technology. The outcome is the elimination of redundancy. As a result, there is a constant flow of new activities to retain the morale. To ensure that all team members learn of th e changes, the most important step would be a concise, efficient, comprehensive, and regular communication of the change. This should be done in formal for a where every team member is guaranteed to hear about it from the authoritative source. This avoids the vicious cycle of rumors and hearsay which usually tend to fuel anxiety, tension, and stress, none of which is an optimal condition for effective work performance (Sen 64). It also helps to set the record straight on the new job descriptions as well as the current activities required of each member. This serves to prevent confusion and idle traffic in the workplace.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Naturally, people react differently to change; however, research has proven that most people follow a certain change pattern, which consists of among other stages, denial, anger, fear and finally acceptance. The difference is i n how fast one gets to the ‘acceptance’ stage and as a manager, it is critical to put in place help and support systems to ensure that all members get their due assisted to arrive at an acceptance without any adversity and effect on work performance (Williams 101). It is also vital to carry out a re-training during which the team members go through their new roles knowing what other people expect them to do. This will ensure that all are up to date on the changes and it is even possible to set up a follow-up evaluation system that will gauge the adherence levels of the team to changing policies. In addition, it would help to come up with strict regulations worth putting in place to enhance co-operation and adherence to change. The timing of communication is critical to the success of any project. This is because such timing of communication will directly affect the preparation of the members for any eventualities. For instance, if the owner has requested a new design in a week’s time, it would be detrimental to let the team in on this a few hours to the expected time of delivery (Williams 102). Timing therefore affects the quality of the final product or service. It is also critical for the team’s confidence in their project. If they have had sufficient time switch to ‘acceptance’ mode, there will be less anxiety during execution, and more confidence in their ability to comply with the new requirements. Timing also determines whether the team members are able to come to terms with the perceived cause and potential benefit of the change or not. If adequate, the staff will get a chance to experience the alleged benefits hence trust in the change and work with it in a positive light (Sen 57). Nevertheless, if the timing is insufficient, they have to work by faith, yet most of the time this faith on the leader’s intentions is non-existent. Work Cited Sen, Sankara. Strategic Leadership: Managing Change in a 21st Centur y Business Organization. Journal of Business Strategy 34.3 (2006): 56-65.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Delivery at Autodesk, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Williams, Ray. Morale, What Project Managers Need To Know. Journal of Business  Ethics 130.6 (2009): 98-104. This essay on Project Delivery at Autodesk, Inc was written and submitted by user Yaretzi Williamson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Biography of Saddam Hussein, Dictator of Iraq

Biography of Saddam Hussein, Dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein (April 28, 1937–December 30, 2006) was the ruthless dictator of Iraq from 1979 until 2003. He was the adversary of the United States during the Persian Gulf War and found himself once again at odds with the U.S. in 2003 during the Iraq War. Captured by U.S. troops, Saddam Hussein was put on trial for crimes against humanity (he killed thousands of his own people) and was ultimately executed on December 30, 2006. Fast Facts: Saddam Hussein Known For: Dictator of Iraq from 1979–2003Also Known As: Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti, The Butcher of BaghdadBorn: April 28, 1937 in Al-Ê ¿Awjah, IraqParents: Hussein Abd al-Majid, Subha Tulfah al-MussallatDied: December 30, 2006  in Baghdad, IraqEducation: High school in Baghdad; law school for three years (did not graduate)Published Works:  Novels including Zabiba and the King, The Fortified Castle, Men and the City, Begone DemonsSpouses: Sajida Talfah, Samira ShahbandarChildren: Uday Hussein, Qusay Hussein, Raghad Hussein, Rana Hussein,Hala HusseinNotable Quote: We are ready to sacrifice our souls, our children, and our families so as not to give up Iraq. We say this so no one will think that America is capable of breaking the will of the Iraqis with its weapons. Early Years Saddam, which means he who confronts, was born in 1937 a village called al-Auja, outside of Tikrit in northern Iraq. Either just before or just after his birth, his father disappeared from his life. Some accounts say that his father was killed; others say he abandoned his family. At almost the same time, Saddams older brother died of cancer. His mothers depression made it impossible for her to care for the young Saddam, and he was sent to live with his uncle Khairullah Tulfah who was briefly imprisoned for political activity. Several years later, Saddams mother remarried a man who was illiterate, immoral, and brutal. Saddam returned to his mother but hated living with his stepfather and as soon as his uncle Khairullah Tulfah (his mothers brother) was released from prison in 1947, Saddam insisted that he go live with his uncle. Saddam didnt start primary school until he moved in with his uncle at age 10. At age 18, Saddam graduated from primary school and applied to military school. Joining the military had been Saddams dream and when he wasnt able to pass the entrance exam, he was devastated. (Though Saddam was never in the military, he frequently wore military-style outfits later in life.) Saddam then moved to Baghdad and started law school, but he found school boring and enjoyed politics more. Saddam Hussein Enters Politics Saddams uncle, an ardent Arab nationalist, introduced him to the world of politics. Iraq, which had been a British colony from the end of World War I until 1932, was bubbling with internal power struggles. One of the groups vying for power was the Baath Party, to which Saddams uncle was a member. In 1957 at age 20, Saddam joined the Baath Party. He started out as a low-ranking member of the Party responsible for leading his schoolmates in rioting. In 1959, however, he was chosen to be a member of an assassination squad. On October 7, 1959, Saddam and others attempted but failed to assassinate the prime minister. Wanted by the Iraqi government, Saddam was forced to flee. He lived in exile in Syria for three months and then moved to Egypt, where he lived for three years. In 1963, the Baath Party successfully overthrew the government and took power, which allowed Saddam to return to Iraq from exile. While home, he married his cousin, Sajida Tulfah. However, the Baath Party was overthrown after only nine months in power and Saddam was arrested in 1964 after another coup attempt. He spent 18 months in prison, where he was tortured before he escaped in July 1966. During the next two years, Saddam became an important leader within the Baath Party. In July 1968, when the Baath Party again gained power, Saddam was made vice president. Over the next decade, Saddam became increasingly powerful. On July 16, 1979, the president of Iraq was forced to resign and Saddam officially took the position. The Dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq with a brutal hand, using fear and terror to stay in power. He established a secret police force that suppressed internal dissenters and developed a cult of personality to build public support. His goal was to become the leader of the Arab world, with territory to include the oil fields of the Persian Gulf. Saddam led Iraq in a war against Iran from 1980 to 1988, which ended in a stalemate. Also during the 1980s, Saddam used chemical weapons against Kurds within Iraq, including gassing the Kurdish town of Halabja which killed 5,000 in March 1988. In 1990, Saddam ordered Iraqi troops to take the country of Kuwait. In response, the United States defended Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War. On March 19, 2003, the United States attacked Iraq. Saddam fled Baghdad during the fighting. On December 13, 2003, U.S. forces found him hiding in a hole in al-Dwar, near Tikrit. Death In October 2005, Saddam was tried by the Iraqi High Tribunal on charges of killing the people of the town of Al-Dujay. After a dramatic nine-month trial, he was found guilty of crimes against humanity, including killing and torture, and was sentenced to death. On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was executed by hanging; his body was later removed to a secret location. Legacy The actions of Saddam Hussein have had a powerful impact on international politics for the 21st century. Americas relationship with Iraq and other nations of the Middle East were strongly influenced by the conflicts with Saddams Iraq. The fall of Saddam in 2003 was pictured around the world with images of his statue being pulled down by cheering Iraqis. Since Saddams fall, however, a number of challenges made life in Iraq extraordinarily difficult; employment remains low, and the rise of Al Qaeda and the Islamic State (ISIS) led to violence. Sources: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Saddam Hussein.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 18 Jan. 2019.â€Å"Saddam Hussein Biography.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World Biography, Advameg, Inc.Saddam Caught Like a Rat in a Hole.  CNN.com, 15 December 2003.â€Å"Saddam Hussein Biography.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World Biography.

Cómo puede un extranjero divorciarse en Estados Unidos

Cà ³mo puede un extranjero divorciarse en Estados Unidos  ¿Pueden  divorciarse todos los extranjeros que residen en los Estados Unidos con independencia de su estatus migratorio y sin que importe el paà ­s en el que se casaron? Para evitar problemas es conveniente conocer los puntos bsicos que se explican a continuacià ³n, asà ­ como cules son los problemas migratorios que pueden surgir por un divorcio y, por à ºltimo, quà © debe hacerse para que un divorcio en Estados Unidos tenga efectos legales en el paà ­s de origen. En el caso de desconocer dà ³nde se encuentra la persona de la que se quiere divorcia, es posible buscarlo en varias bases de datos oficiales de Estados Unidos. La importancia del estado a la hora de divorciarse en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, los asuntos de matrimonio y divorcio son competencia de los estados. Esto significa que las reglas pueden variar de uno a otro. Sin embargo, en todos los estados van a pedir que se cumplan al menos dos requisitos.   En primer lugar, que se pruebe la identidad de la persona que solicita el divorcio. Cada estado tiene un listado con todos los documentos que se admiten, como  la licencia de manejar, la tarjeta de residencia permanente, el pasaporte o la matrà ­cula consular. En segundo lugar, excepto en los casos de Alaska y Washington, se pide que la persona que se quiere divorciar pueda probar que reside en el estado en el que solicita el divorcio. En este punto las reglas varà ­an enormemente. Por ejemplo, en Dakota del Sur es suficiente probar que se vive en ese estado en el momento de iniciar los trmites. Pero ese es un caso excepcional, ya que la mayorà ­a de los estados piden probar residencia por 90 dà ­as, 180 dà ­as o, incluso, un aà ±o. Entre los estados que exigen residencia por ms de 352 dà ­as se encuentran Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Rhode Island y Virginia Occidental. Algunos estados, adems, piden un mà ­nimo de tiempo de residencia en el condado en el que se presentan los papeles. Por ejemplo, en California se exigen 180 dà ­as de residencia en el estado, de los cuales 90 tienen que ser en el condado en el que se solicita el fin del matrimonio. El estado en el que una persona se divorcia es importante por varias razones. En primer lugar, porque cada estado regula las causas por las que es posible solicitarlo. En Estados Unidos dos de cada tres estados permiten lo que se conoce como no-fault divorce,  es decir, querer divorciarse es razà ³n suficiente para solicitarlo y obtenerlo. En los otros estados hay que cumplir con alguno de los requisitos que se refieren al incumplimiento del acuerdo matrimonial por alguno de los dos cà ³nyuges. En segundo lugar, los estados pueden exigir que se notifique a la otra parte el inicio del procedimiento de divorcio en lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como service of process. Se pueden admitir diferentes formas para realizar la notificacià ³n, pero en el caso de personas con un cà ³nyuge fuera de los Estados Unidos este requisito puede ser, en ocasiones, difà ­cil de cumplir, pero no por ello puede ignorarse. Y, en tercer lugar, las leyes del estado en el que se dicta el divorcio van a decidir sobre aspectos como divisià ³n de las propiedades, si las hay, custodias de hijos, y pensiones de alimentos o de sostenimiento (conocidas en inglà ©s como child support y alimony, respectivamente). Efectos migratorios del divorcio Cualquier persona que reside habitualmente en Estados Unidos puede divorciarse, cumpliendo con los requisitos del estado en el que solicita el divorcio. El procedimiento tiene lugar en la corte civil y depende del estado. Esos datos no se comunican con inmigracià ³n. Sin embargo, un divorcio sà ­Ã‚  puede tener consecuencias migratorias en tres casos: 1. En primer lugar, las personas que obtuvieron una tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio y se divorcian podrà ­an perderla, dependiendo del momento y de las circunstancias de la finalizacià ³n del và ­nculo matrimonial. Aunque la situacià ³n es ms delicada para las personas que desean divorciarse antes de levantar la condicionalidad de su green card, lo cierto es que los efectos pueden darse incluso cuando ya se tiene la tarjeta de residencia definitiva. El  problema aparece cuando se solicita la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n y ya consta el estado civil como divorciado. 2. En el caso de divorcio en el que la pareja tiene hijos en comà ºn, puede establecer una pensià ³n de mantenimiento para los menores. En el caso de incumplirse el pago de la pensià ³n de alimentos puede haber consecuencias civiles, penales y tambià ©n migratorias que pueden ir desde multas, penas de prisià ³n y anulacià ³n del pasaporte, hasta negacià ³n de beneficios migratorios como la tarjeta de residencia o la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. 3. En tercer lugar y con aplicacià ³n para todas las personas extranjeras en Estados Unidos, los casos de bigamia son causa de deportacià ³n y de denegacià ³n de la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. La bigamia se produce cuando una persona est casada con otras dos al mismo tiempo. Por esta razà ³n conviene pensar bien el casarse en Estados Unidos sin antes divorciarse pensando que las autoridades estadounidenses nunca se van a enterar si hubo o no matrimonio previo en otro paà ­s. En estos casos, muchas veces se enteran por denuncias anà ³nimas que crean problemas migratorios que son difà ­ciles o imposible de resolver, y no es posible pedir un waiver. Adems, hay el agravante de que si hay una condena por bigamia se anulan todos los beneficios migratorios obtenidos a partir del momento en que se produjo la bigamia. Quà © hacer para que el divorcio en EEUU tenga efectos legales en el paà ­s de origen Las personas extranjeras pueden divorciarse en Estados Unidos, sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que ese divorcio es vlido en sus paà ­ses de origen o que produzca efectos legales automticamente. De hecho, existen dos formas completamente diferentes sobre cà ³mo otros  paà ­ses pueden contemplar un divorcio de uno de sus nacionales obtenidos en Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, se encuentran aquellos paà ­ses que no le reconocen ningà ºn valor legal y exigen que sus connacionales se divorcien en el paà ­s de origen, en persona o a travà ©s de un representante legal. Es, por ejemplo, el caso de Mà ©xico Asà ­, si un mexicano se casa en Mà ©xico pero vive  habitualmente en Estados Unidos, debe divorciase en su paà ­s. Si no quiere o no puede viajar a Mà ©xico, puede firmar un poder notarial a favor de un abogado o de una persona de confianza para que le represente en Mà ©xico durante los trmites de divorcio. Para realizar esos trmites puede cerrarse una cita con Mexitel. Tambià ©n existe un grupo de paà ­ses que sà ­ reconocen el valor legal de un divorcio obtenido por sus nacionales en Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, para que produzca efectos legales se exige que se lleve a cabo un trmite adicional para registrar dicho divorcio. Como ejemplo puede citarse el caso de los colombianos, ya que en Colombia se reconoce la validez de un divorcio dictado en Estados Unidos, imponià ©ndose solo la obligacià ³n de realizar lo que se conoce como exequtor ante la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema. Solo se puede solicitar cuando la sentencia es final y ya no caben apelaciones o peticiones de nulidad. Adems, el requisito del exequtor tambià ©n rige para otros paà ­ses, por ejemplo, Perà º. Otros paà ­ses que tambià ©n optan por reconocer la validez del divorcio que sus connacionales obtienen en Estados Unidos piden diferentes trmites. Por ejemplo, Argentina da la opcià ³n de registrar y dar publicidad al divorcio dictado en Estados Unidos mediante su inscripcià ³n en el Registro Nacional de Estado y Capacidad mediante un procedimiento judicial o uno consular. Debido a que las reglas cambian segà ºn el paà ­s, lo recomendable es que cada migrante consulte con su embajada para determinar cules son los pasos a seguir y antes de proceder a obtener la apostilla de la Haya en el documento de divorcio, informarse sobre si ese trmite es necesario, ya que no es barato. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Behavior modification for children with ADHD Essay

Behavior modification for children with ADHD - Essay Example This is a significant number that makes ADHD one of the most common learning and behavioral disorders to date. The number of American children and adults diagnosed with ADHD has significantly increased from over the years (Frame, 2003). ADHD is a medical term and as it is a problem related to children, that educators and researchers in education should learn its explanation and the symptoms that help identify the problem. It is necessary to clarify the term ADHD because it is not a single behavior but a mix of complex patterns that it is sometimes called an â€Å"assemblage† (Marcus &Saka, 2006 cited in Goodwin, 2010, p.2). It is a condition that the National Institute of Mental Health (2012) explains as â€Å"one of the most common childhood brain disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (p.1). The most obvious symptoms are â€Å"difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity). These symptoms can make it difficult for a child with ADHD to succeed in school, get along with other children or adults, or finish tasks at home† (ibid, p.1). In order to be diagnosed, symptoms include inattentiveness, disruptivene ss, as well as social and academic discrepancies in the child’s school or home settings. For example, this includes poor interactions with their parents, teachers, and classmates and a decrease in academic achievement. Children with ADHD endure these difficulties chronically and persist into adolescence and adulthood, negatively impacting their lives and the people surrounding them (Jones & Chronis-Tuscano, 2008). Many children are losing their battle with ADHD without the much needed help from their surroundings. ADHD cannot be categorized as a medical problem, but it is a behavioral and learning difficulty that needs to be effectively managed in the classroom by teachers and at home by the parents, because â€Å"there is currently no cure

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us Essay

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us about past lifestyles - Essay Example To effectively study the past human lifestyle, archeologists examine human remains of ancient societies and this where the human skeletons comes handy. Such human materials such as the skeletons, food remains, wrecks of buildings, and human artifacts help the archeologists to rebuild the human past lifestyle. All the information recorded about the human materials such as the human skeletons are referred to as archeological records. These records comprise of all the humans occupying the areas of interest and the remains of human material in those areas. These records are used for study through laboratory examinations of the materials and excavations and field studies. Archeologists have to excavate human graveyards and get the human skeleton to their study stations for the development of their research on the human past lifestyle. The skeletons excavated are an important source of information about the human past lifestyle. The previous and medieval burials are generally unspecified. However, they give important information on average human being that is otherwise uncommon in historical findings. They are in information about the past beliefs, handling of the dead and ritual behavior. Skeletons can provide relevant kinds of information for one to study the past human lifestyle. As a result of this fact, the archeologists have to first of all examine the physical vestiges of real people. Study of the human skeleton gives a new dimension of the human past life such as their health, and the form of their population which constitutes to their lifestyle. To study the past human lifestyle, the fundamental requirements by the archeologists include; the sex and age composition of the population, the ailments of the past, the common strains and stresses of daily life, and the appearance and physical size. Skeletons help archeologists in their study about the past human life by giving hints or actual age information about the fossils. It is not a reliable and valid method to determine age just by the size of the skeleton. Skeletons can give age information by studying the trimmings of long bones and other sections of the bones separated in the children’s skeleton. The detachments give room for the bone to grow. The separated bones, called epiphyses, all combine at distinct ages. The phase of bones combining is used by the archeologists to age an adolescent. Skeletons also provide the relevant information on age by studying the teeth system. Permanent molar grows at the age of six. However, studying the ageing skeletons to give age information is more challenging. Such information provided by the skeletons is helpful in providing information on the different diets eaten by the people in the past. From a closer look of the tooth wear in the skeletons, one can understand the kinds of foods by the past people and this closely gives the researcher the lifestyle lived by the past people. The archeologists then classify the skeletons into three pre- established categories namely; old, middle age, and young. Such information is vital in studying the different past human lifestyle according to the various age class that existed in the past age class. Another important type of information the human skeleton can provide for a comprehensive study of the past human lifestyle is the information on sex. It is challenging to use the skeletons to determine the sex of a child that had not reached the puberty stage. To easily determine the sex of an adult, archeologists look at the pelvis having in mind that, women have bowl-shaped and wide pelvis while that of men is narrow and tall. By looking at such differences in the skeletons, relevant informat

Electronic Structure and Spontaneous Polarization in BiFeO3

Electronic Structure and Spontaneous Polarization in BiFeO3 Electronic structure and spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3 Z. Mahhouti 1,2,3,* , H. El Moussaoui 1 , M. Hamedoun 1 , M. El Marssi 3 , A. Lahmar 2 , A. El Kenz 2 , and A. Benyoussef 1,2,4 Abstract: The electronic structure, magnetic properties and spontaneous polarization in Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 are investigated using first-principle calculations. The computed results show that the ground state of bulk BiFeO3 is rhombohedral R3c symmetry with G-type antiferromagnetic ordering and insulating, the computed results are in good agreement with available experiments. The electronic structure has been studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ). Therefore, the finding band gap value is equal to the experimental value (Eg=2.5 eV) and much better than other theoretical values, the local magnetic moment at the Fe atoms reaches the experimental value and it is in good agreement with previously reported theoretical, with the large atomic displacement the modern theory of polarization predicts a large spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3. INTRODUCTION The multiferroic term denotes the coexistence of several ferroic orders (ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and ferroelastic) in one material[1], coupled or not. Multiferroic materials are very rare because the origins of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism are hardly compatible as shown by Hill et al.[2][3]. However, there are some exceptions such as La0.1Bi0.9MnO3 which is ferroelectric below 770 K and ferromagnetic below 105 K[4]. The definition of multiferroic has therefore been extended to materials with antiferroic orders such as BiFeO3 which is ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic.      Ã‚   Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) is one of the few magnetoelectric multiferroics who has simultaneously ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic orders under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Indeed, its high Curie temperature (TC = 1103 K)[5] and Nà ©el temperature (TN = 643 K)[6] provide a wide range of applications at different temperatures[7] such as spintronics, data storage and microelectronic devices[8][9], In addition, a magnetoelectric coupling is possible at room temperature. Recently, BFO has seen a considerable increase in interest since the discovery of a much better spontaneous polarization, greater than 150  µC/cm2, when the material is grown in thin layers[10]. This discovery aroused great enthusiasm among the scientific community who wanted to explain the origin of some phenomenon and explore this material again. The phase diagram established according to the reference[11] shows the succession of three phases with increasing of temperature denoted à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢,and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §, respectively. In its bulk form and at room temperature, BFO has a distorted perovskite structure with rhombohedral symmetry and space group R3c (a = b = c = 5.63 Ã…, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ = 59.4 °)[12][8]. The primitive unit cell contains two formula units (ten atoms), each Fe atom is surrounded by six antiparallel spin neighbors, the magnetic moments are oriented perpendicularly to the [111] direction, which leads to develop a G-type antiferromagnetic order on the whole of the material. However, new observations have revealed that the direction in which antiferromagnetism manifests rotates through the crystal[13]. This noncollinearity propagates within the material with a period from 620 Ã… to 640 Ã…[13][14] and superimposes on the G-type antiferromagnetic order. As the noncollinearity is quite minimal , the simplification to a collinear magnetic structure is possible[15]. In this paper, the noncollinearity effects were not taken during our calculations. Since BFO is grown as a thin layers, the material may undergo a compressive or extensive stress due to the difference between the primitive cell of the material in its bulk form and those of the monocrystalline substrate, the small grown thickness is able to accept any relaxation of the structure. This can cause changes in the structure parameters of the crystal compared to its bulk form. However, other experimental works[16][17] showed that even BFO grown in thin layers, retains its rhombohedral symmetry. For a long time BFO considered too low to be exploitable ( Ps = 6.1  µC/cm2 ) according to the first measurements of Teague et al.[5], the ferroelectricity of BFO was studied again following the results of Young et al.[10] on thin layers of BFO ( Ps = 158  µC/cm2). However, many experimental studies carried out during this period gave a confusing results, the spontaneous polarization varying from 2.2  µC/cm2 [18] to 158  µC/cm2 [10]. The study of the ferroelectricity of BFO is a concrete example to combine experimental results and theoretical calculations. In this case, the calculation methods allow to explain the difference between the first measured values of bulk BFO and those obtained on the same material grown in thin layers. In this paper, we study in detail the magnetic properties of bulk BFO, while considering a G-type antiferromagnetic order. But it is necessary to determine first the electronic configuration and to calculate the band gap, in order to understand and obtain the theoretical model which corresponds to the reality of the material, and then to determine the spontaneous polarization using modern theory of polarization. METHOD The calculations which we present in the remainder of this paper use the density functional theory (DFT) implemented in WIEN2k code. The interactions between electrons and ions are described in the framework of full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. As the 3d electrons in transition -metal Fe atom are incompletely filled, the spin density approximation was employed withinstry the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) form of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ). The new version of the exchange potential, proposed for the first time by the Becke and Johnson[19], was recently published by Tran and Blaha[20]. The modified Becke-Johnson potential (mBJ) proposed by Tran and Blaha is: With is the electronic density, is kinetic energy density and is the potential of Becke-Roussel. In this work, the mBJ potential is used in combination with the GGA-PBE approximation to compute the electronic structure, magnetic properties and spontaneous polarization in multiferroic bulk BFO. Our calculations do not include the spin-orbit interactions and the noncollinearity effects. The mesh of the first Brillouin zone in the reciprocal space was carried out using a 4 x 4 x 4 Monkhorst-Pack k-points grid. The structural parameters of BFO in space group R3c ( i.e, the lattice constant and atomic positions ) are considered as calculated by Wang et al.[8] as given from Kubel et al.[12]. The results of relaxing the cell volume, rhombohedral angle, and atomic positions within the R3c symmetry in reference[8] show that there is an alternation of Bi3+ and Fe3+ ions along the [111] axis; Each of these atoms is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, which thus form an octahedron around each cat ion. Inside the octahedron FeO6, the Fe3+ ion is outside the FeO2 plane (forming the base of the octahedron), which leads a distortion of the octahedron. The calculation of the spontaneous polarization using the modern theory of polarization is carried out by determining the difference in polarization between two symmetry (The non-centrosymmetric phase R3c which is ferroelectric and the centrosymmetric phase R-3c supposed paraelectric). In order to evaluate the polarization of the structure studied, we must therefore use a structure (centrosymmetric) as a reference with the same unit cell as the real structure (non-centrosymmetric), but its atomic positions do not induce electrical dipoles. Energetically, these two structures are very close, which confirms our choice of R-3c symmetry as a centrosymmetric reference. They differ by the addition of a center of inversion within the symmetry, and the passage from one symmetry to the other is due to the displacement of the atoms along the [111] direction which is accompanied with a rotation of the FeO6 octahedra perpendicular to the same direction. This evolution of the paraelectric phase t o the ferroelectric phase allows us to explain the birth of ferroelectricity within the bismuth ferrite BFO and to reproduce it efficiently in our calculations. The modern theory of polarization was applied for the first time to compute the ferroelectricity within the cubic perovskite-type KNbO3. The results obtained ( à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P = 35  µC/cm2 [21][22]) showed excellent agreement with the experimental data ( à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾P = 37  µC/cm2[23]). Other studies were carried out subsequently, confirming the reliability of this method with respect to the experimental reality. Today, the modern theory of polarization is widely used. Results and Discussion Electronic and magnetic properties In this section, we study the electronic structure of bulk BFO in ferroelectric R3c structure, considering the relaxing values of cell parameter, rhombohedral angle and atomic positions by Wang et al.[8]. We computed and plotted the band structure and electronic state densities with the same parameters mentioned at the paragraph II. The band gap value are calculated using mBJ potential in combination with the GGA-PBE approximation, our calculated band gap value is the same as the value measured by Gao et al.[24] from the UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrum witch is equal to 2.5 eV, our computed band gap is much better than other theoretical works such as Neaton et al.[15] who found an indirect band gap of 0.4, 1.3, and 1.9 eV using LSDA+U approximation with U=0, 2, and 4 eV, respectively. The same for Tà ¼tà ¼ncà ¼ et al.[25] they found an indirect band gap of 0.9, 1.4, and 2.1 eV using LSDA+U approximation with U=0, 2, and 4 eV, respectively. Our band structure results (Fig.1 ) indicate an indirect band gap of approximately 2.5 eV witch is in excellent agreement to the experimental measurement of about 2.5 eV [24][26]. Therefore, this equality between our calculated band gap and the experimental value confirms the insulating character of bulk BFO. In order to understand why the magnetic moments of the Fe atoms were arranged antiparallel within bulk BFO, we relaxed it according to different magnetic configurations: paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. The ground-state energy of the various possible magnetic configurations shows that the G-type antiferromagnetic configuration is the one which offers the material its greatest stability. FIG. 1. Calculated band structure for rhombohedral BiFeO3. FIG. 2. Calculated total density of states for rhombohedral BiFeO3. Calculated density of state (Fig.2) for R3c BFO indicates an identical distribution between electronic states up and down, which clearly exhibits the antiferromagnetic order of the material, in this case the antiferromagnetic order can only be G-type. The Fe atoms along the [111] axis have a local magnetic moment of 4.02 ÃŽÂ ¼B comes from 3d states, this value is much better than 4.25 ÃŽÂ ¼B and 4.17 ÃŽÂ ¼B reported by Tà ¼tà ¼ncà ¼ et al.[25] using LSDA+U with U = 4 and 6 eV, respectively. Therefore, our computed local magnetic moment of Fe atoms is very close to the measurement value of about 3.75ÃŽÂ ¼B [27]. FIG. 3. Atomic projection of electronic PDOS for rhombohedral BiFeO3. Figure 3 shows atomic projected electronic density of states (PDOS) around the ban gap region for both spin channels. The results suggest that the valence band are predominantly formed by Fe 3d states, hybridized with a contribution from O 2p states. Conduction band states are occupied by a large amount of Fe 3d states, hybridized with a small contribution of Bi 6p states that also contains a significant amount of O 2p states. Spontaneous polarization The spontaneous polarization was calculated within bulk BFO using the ferroelectric structure R3c and the hypothetical centrosymmetric phase R-3c. The centrosymmetric phase must be judiciously chosen, in order to found the difference of ferroelectric polarization between the centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric phases less than the quantum of polarization, Where is the electronic charge, is a lattice vector in the direction of polarization, and is the volume of the unit cell. Our calculations have shown that centrosymmetric phase R-3c is the structure closest to the ferroelectric structure R3c, both energetically as well as structural. This symmetry differs from the R3c only by the addition of a center of inversion. The transition from the paraelectric to the ferroelectric phase was characterized by a large displacement of the atoms along the [111] axis and a rotation of the FeO6 octahedra. Therefore, we expect that the spontaneous polarization develops along the [111] axis. In order to calculate the difference of polarization, we have considered that the transition from paraelectric to ferroelectric phase was done adiabatically and continuously. In this way, each atom moves along a path divided into segments of equal length. This method allowed us to follow the evolution of the spontaneous polarization during the whole paraelectric-ferroelectric transition. Throughout the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition, it is imperative to avoid any external contribution to symmetry, such as compression or expansion of the unit cell (in this case we do not calculate the real spontaneous polarization). For this reason, the structures used for our calculations have the same cell parameters, only the atomic positions were shifted. The modern theory of polarization compute the both, ionic and electronic contribution to the spontaneous polarization using the sum of the Wannier centers of the occupied bands. Our results showed that the spontaneous polarization developed along three directions, and was 58.8  µC/cm2 along each axis, resulting a spontaneous polarization of 101.1  µC/cm2 along the [111] axis which is in full agreement with the spontaneous polarization calculated by Neaton et al.[15] using LSDA+U. Early measurements on bulk BFO single crystals[5] found a small polarization of about 6.1  µC/cm2. On the other hand, many experiment studies on thin film samples of BFO showed a large spontaneous polarization of about 100-158  µC/cm2 [16][10]. The anomalously early value was caused by several explanations. First, the authors[5] indicated that their hysteresis loops were not saturated. Second, maybe the small value limited by the poor of the sample quality. Finally, the third explanation is that the crystal structure is not the same. Recently, Lebeugle et al.[28] have prepared a highly pure BFO single crystal (bulk BFO with a rhombohedral R3c symmetry) and measured the spontaneous polarization, they found a very large value of about 100  µC/cm2 [28] which is an intrinsic property of the bulk BFO, as expected by our theoretical studies. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 is one of a few magnetoelectric multiferroics who has simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders, it has seen a considerable increase in interest since the discovery of a high spontaneous polarization. The first principle calculations with our approximations and parameters chosen allowed us to understand and obtain the behaviors of electronic and magnetic properties which make possible the computing of the right band gap and local magnetic moment. The property intrinsic of the large spontaneous electric polarization in bulk BiFe2O3 showed by recently experiment studies was confirmed by our theoretical investigations using the modern theory of polarization. These good agreements between our theoretical investigation and experimental measurement allow the scientific community to compute other properties and understand the physics behind the measurement at the atomic level. References [1]H. Schmid, Multi-ferroic magnetoelectrics, Ferroelectrics, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 317-338, Jan. 1994. [2]N. A. Hill, Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics?, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 104, no. 29, pp. 6694-6709, Jul. 2000. [3]N. A. Hill, Density Functional Studies of Multiferroic Magnetoelectrics, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1-37, Aug. 2002. [4]A. Moreira dos Santos et al., Orbital ordering as the determinant for ferromagnetism in biferroic BiMnO 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 66, no. 6, Aug. 2002. [5]J. R. Teague, R. Gerson, and W. J. James, Dielectric hysteresis in single crystal BiFeO3, Solid State Commun., vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 1073-1074, 1970. [6]G. A. Smolenskii and I. E. Chupis, Ferroelectromagnets, Phys.-Uspekhi, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 475-493, Jul. 1982. [7]M. Fiebig, Revival of the magnetoelectric effect, J. Phys. Appl. Phys., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. R123-R152, Apr. 2005. [8]J. Wang, Epitaxial BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures, Science, vol. 299, no. 5613, pp. 1719-1722, Mar. 2003. [9]Y. Tokura, MATERIALS SCIENCE: Multiferroics as Quantum Electromagnets, Science, vol. 312, no. 5779, pp. 1481-1482, Jun. 2006. [10]K. Y. Yun, D. Ricinschi, T. Kanashima, M. Noda, and M. Okuyama, Giant ferroelectric polarization beyond 150 ÃŽÂ ¼C/cm2 in BiFeO3 thin film, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 5A, p. L647, 2004. [11]R. Palai et al., ÃŽÂ ² phase and ÃŽÂ ³ ˆ’ ÃŽÂ ² metal-insulator transition in multiferroic Bi Fe O 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 77, no. 1, Jan. 2008. [12]F. Kubel and H. Schmid, Structure of a ferroelectric and ferroelastic monodomain crystal of the perovskite BiFeO3, Acta Crystallogr. B, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 698-702, Dec. 1990. [13]I. Sosnowska, T. P. Neumaier, and E. Steichele, Spiral magnetic ordering in bismuth ferrite, J. Phys. C Solid State Phys., vol. 15, no. 23, p. 4835, 1982. [14]D. Lebeugle, D. Colson, A. Forget, M. Viret, A. M. Bataille, and A. Gukasov, Electric-Field-Induced Spin Flop in BiFeO 3 Single Crystals at Room Temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, no. 22, Jun. 2008. [15]J. B. Neaton, C. Ederer, U. V. Waghmare, N. A. Spaldin, and K. M. Rabe, First-principles study of spontaneous polarization in multiferroic Bi Fe O 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 71, no. 1, Jan. 2005. [16]J. Li et al., Dramatically enhanced polarization in (001), (101), and (111) BiFeO3 thin films due to epitiaxial-induced transitions, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, no. 25, pp. 5261-5263, Jun. 2004. [17]G. Xu, H. Hiraka, G. Shirane, J. Li, J. Wang, and D. Viehland, Low symmetry phase in (001) BiFeO3 epitaxial constrained thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, no. 18, p. 182905, May 2005. [18]V. R. Palkar, J. John, and R. Pinto, Observation of saturated polarization and dielectric anomaly in magnetoelectric BiFeO3 thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1628-1630, Mar. 2002. [19]A. D. Becke and E. R. Johnson, A simple effective potential for exchange, J. Chem. Phys., vol. 124, no. 22, p. 221101, Jun. 2006. [20]F. Tran and P. Blaha, Accurate Band Gaps of Semiconductors and Insulators with a Semilocal Exchange-Correlation Potential, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, no. 22, Jun. 2009. [21]R. Resta, M. Posternak, and A. Baldereschi, Towards a quantum theory of polarization in ferroelectrics: The case of KNbO 3, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 70, no. 7, p. 1010, 1993. [22]R. Resta, M. Posternak, and A. Baldereschi, First-Principles Theory of Polarization in Ferroelectrics, in MRS Proceedings, 1992, vol. 291, p. 647. [23]W. Kleemann, F. J. Schà ¤fer, and M. D. Fontana, Crystal optical studies of spontaneous and precursor polarization in KNbO 3, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 1148, 1984. [24]F. Gao et al., Preparation and photoabsorption characterization of BiFeO3 nanowires, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 10, p. 102506, Sep. 2006. [25]H. M. Tà ¼tà ¼ncà ¼ and G. P. Srivastava, Electronic structure and zone-center phonon modes in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 103, no. 8, p. 083712, Apr. 2008. [26]T. Kanai, S. Ohkoshi, and K. Hashimoto, Magnetic, electric, and optical functionalities of (PLZT) x (BiFeO 3) 1- x ferroelectric-ferromagnetic thin films, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 391-397, 2003. [27]I. Sosnowska, W. Schà ¤fer, W. Kockelmann, K. H. Andersen, and I. O. Troyanchuk, Crystal structure and spiral magnetic ordering of BiFeO 3 doped with manganese, Appl. Phys. Mater. Sci. Process., vol. 74, no. 0, pp. s1040-s1042, Dec. 2002. [28]D. Lebeugle, D. Colson, A. Forget, and M. Viret, Very large spontaneous electric polarization in BiFeO3 single crystals at room temperature and its evolution under cycling fields, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 2, p. 022907, Jul. 2007.

Swot Analysis of the Green Directory

SWOT Analysis Of The Green Directory Strengths: –The Green Directory (â€Å"GD†) allows unlimited access for all users and no fee is required. –The relevant information is available to all visitors. –GD recommends and presents only classified, selected and specialised companies –Website presentation is clearly structured and designed. –Provides ‘one-stop service’ website, as well as the leading ‘green’ guides within Australia. –Easy to find directory – GD provides direct links to its partners, sponsors and advertisers. -Wide range of services and products as well as topics has made the website easy for user to find anything related ‘Green’. Weaknesses: — Unclear information on the support and recommendations by the Australian Government. — GD is just facilitator which means that interested visitors have to contact the listed companies directly. –The benefits for adverti sing are not clearly shown in the website. –Online enquiry form is not available – Interested visitors in ‘green’ products and services have to contact the listed companies directly. -Certain information provided in the web page is not up to date. –Poor maintenance of the website as there are few missing links found in the website. –Limited information about local events, fairs and exhibitions. –No contact number or hotline number for customer enquiry Opportunities: –Increase the profile of GD by cooperation with nationwide and regional publishers (such as Yellow Pages, newspaper, magazine) as well as popular ‘green’ institutions. -It is a green awareness happening all over the world and it’s about social responsibility and ethic of environmental friendly. –Further enhance the website by placing more latest offers and products photos to attract more users. –Send frequent e-mail to users to keep them updated with the latest information. –Provide a hotline number to handle real-time customer call-in enquiry to improve the customer service –Provide hardcopy brochure when requested by user so as not only limit the usage to internet users only Threats: -People without internet access have not the opportunity to receive the requested information. –Unavailable/ inaccurate information to users due to the missing/ outdated contents might cause reputational risk to the GD. –Easy to copy by competitor to create new business/ competition. –Green products price usually higher than normal product that would cause very big investment to the users. Thus there is a challenge in convincing user to purchase without much attractive promotion/ offer. –Data security is not clarified and this might affects customer confidence.

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